tions, there emerged a picture of homosexuality as an "emotional disturbance" supported by studies based on samples of prisoners and psychiatric patients. However, an increasing interest in the interaction of society and the homosexual may bo recognized in the mid and lato 1950's.

Dr. Robert C. Robertiello in "Voyage from Lesbos" produced the first full case history of the female homosexual available to the general public, observed Mr. Rubin. This seems to have initiated the individual case history trend, or what might be called "specimen collection".

Mr. Rubin praised Dr. Evelyn Hooker of U.C.L.A. who attemptod to avoid the pitfalls of the "captivo audience sample" is her two-volume study of "the homosexual as he lives in the community and not in the psychologists office". Mr. Rubin felt that Dr. Hooker's work conclusively demonstrated that many prevalent myths about homosexuality were erroneous.

Reviewing the current status of physiological theories of homosexuality, Mr. Rubin stated that there existed "overwhelming evidence" against glandular imbalance as the fundamental explanation of human homosexuality. Studies on body build indicate this too is of littló or no importanco. Magnus Hirshfeld believed to have established evidence of a genetic explanation of homosexuality based on a small sample of identical twins, but subsequent studies did not sustain his findings. Psychoanalytic explanations, such as the postulation of a fixation at the oral level, for the most part remain as interesting but caproven hypothoses.

"We are not in a position to make generalizations about homosexuality," Mr. Rubin concluded. He warned that much ourrent opinion is merely a matter of substituting terms, "new wine in old bottles", as for example, "sick" for "morally depraved". Mr. Rubin insisted that any hypothesis, to bo provon valid, must be tested using representative samples and control groups. Unless these exceedingly difficult, but necessary, conditions are fulfilled the theory remains mere conjecture,

Dr. Benjamin Karpman, chief psychotherapist of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, D. C., delivered the convontion's feature address entitled "Unconscious Homosexuality". Frequently introducing his concepts in the guise of humor-

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